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How Lower Levels of Serotonin Make Some People More Prone to Violence





Serotonin Levels Influence Mental Behavior


In a scientific study published in December 2004 conducted by B. Olivier and titled: Serotonin and aggression, the study concluded that a link exists between serotonin levels and aggression. And in another study published in December 2005 by R.M. De Almeida and colleagues titled: Escalated aggressive behavior: dopamine, serotonin and GABA, found that serotonin levels play a part in aggressive behavior. And another study that was published in October 1993 titled: Serotonin in the raphe nuclei: regulation by light and an endogenous pacemaker and conducted by F.R. Cagampang and colleagues found that levels of light affected serotonin levels with peak serotonin levels occurring early light and a low during dark. 


Magnetic Fields Affect Serotonin Levels


In a study published in 1983 and conducted by H.A. Welker and colleagues titled: Effects of an artificial magnetic field on serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of the rat pineal gland, the study found that when rats were exposed to a geomagnetic field at night time, there was a SIGNIFICANT DECREASE in their serotonin levels. 


In a study titled: Marked rapid alterations in nocturnal pineal serotonin metabolism in mice and rats exposed to weak intermittent magnetic fields, conducted by A. Lerchi and collegues and published in May 1990, concluded that a magnetic field that was similar to earth's magnetic field showed pronounced effects on rat's serotonin levels.


Scientific Evidence Linking Strong Geomagnetic Activity and Mental Health


Study #1: Do ambient electromagnetic fields affect behavior? A demonstration of the relationship between geomagnetic storm activity and suicide.


Quote from Study: 


"The average number of suicides was greatest in spring for males and females, and lowest in autumn for males and summer for females. Suicide among females increased significantly in autumn during concurrent periods of geomagnetic storm activity (P = .01). This pattern was not observed in males (P = .16). This suggests that perturbations in ambient electromagnetic field activity impact behavior in a clinically meaningful manner"
The study was conducted by M. Berk and collegues and published in February 2006.
 


Study #2: Biotropic effects of geomagnetic storms and their seasonal variations


Quote from Study:


"the frequency of occurrence of bursts exceeding the average number of hospitalized patients with mental and cardiovascular diseases during magnetic storms increases approximately 2 times compared with quiet periods"
The study was conducted by V.P. Kuleshova and collegues and published in September 2001.


Study #3: Medico-biological effect of natural electromagnetic variations


Quote from Study:


"Comparison of geomagnetic and medical data rows has shown that at least 75% of magnetic storms caused increase in hospitalization of patients with suicides, mental disorders, myocardial infarction, defects of cerebrum vessels and arterial and venous diseases on 30-80% at average."
The study was published in October 1998 and conducted by V.N. Oraevskii.


So how do we interpret the above data to find an answer to a problem in society that is affecting humanity?


Some people wonder what the reason is for the sudden increase in mass shootings and violence.  In a research report titled: How Excessive Geomagnetic Energy Causes Psychological Outbreaks of Violence and published by the Solar Institute (ez3dbiz.com), major terrorist events such as 911, the Boston Marathon Bombing and the Florida Nightclub Shooting all occurred when there was a peak in Geomagnetic activity.  Secondary factors included stronger solar wind speeds and declining sunspots. In the report this is labelled as a "condition orange". 

Another characteristic pattern of the condition orange occurrence are a decline in sunspots within the previous 48 hours. If serotonin levels are affected by sunlight, could declining levels of solar radiation be mirroring the effect of sunlight, possibly acting as an additional trigger in mentally unstable individuals? This would concrete the conclusion that solar activity is affecting serotonin levels via earth's geomagnetic energy.


In a study published in June 2012 titled: Are stress responses to geomagnetic storms mediated by the cryptochrome compass system? and conducted by James Close, he concluded that a series of studies have shown that a relationship exists between light exposure with both geomagnetic and man made magnetic fields. One study showed the reduction in 6-OHMS excretion (a form of melatonin) associated with geomagnetic and electromagnetic activity depends on the levels of light, most notably low levels of ambient light. However studies showed that with man made magnetic fields that the majority of the studies showed negative results.


Summary -


Stronger geomagnetic activity combined with a drop in solar radiation is affecting serotonin levels of some mentally ill individuals, creating negative events that impact large numbers of a given population. 
 
Magnetic Fields


So if higher then usual geomagnetic fields are affecting behavior and because magnetic fields influence metals, does there exist a link between regions where people live in areas where metals such as lead and manganese are more common show a trend towards more violence?  Let's examine the facts. 


Manganese and Violent Behavior


One example where metals cause aggressiveness and irritability in people is the metal manganese, which studies have shown that when manganese is at high levels in drinking water in some communities, it increases the rate of violent crime (Erin N. Haynes et al. November 2011).


Manganese Toxicity and Violence References:


Chandra AV, Ali MM, Saxena DK, Murthy RC. Behavioral and neurochemical changes in rats simultaneously exposed to manganese and lead. Arch Toxicol. 1981;49(1):49–56.


Chandra SV. Psychiatric illness due to manganese poisoning. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1983;303(67):49–54


Bouchard M, Laforest F, Vandelac L, Bellinger D, et al. Hair manganese and hyperactive behaviors: pilot study of school-age children exposed through tap water. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115(1):122–127.


Lead Toxicity Violence References:


The strongest evidence to date that lead exposure increases the frequency of aggressive behaviors comes from the Edinburgh Lead Study which included over 500 children between the ages of 6 and 9. After taking 30 possible confounding variables into account, the investigators still found a significant relationship between the amounts of blood lead levels and teachers' ratings of the children’s' behavior on an "aggressive/antisocial" scale and on a "hyperactive" scale, but not on a "neurotic" scale. As in other studies on the relationship between lead exposure and brain damage, a dose-response relationship was found between blood lead and behavior ratings, with no evidence of a threshold.


Additional References


Dietrich KN, Ris MD, Succop PA, Berger OG, et al. Early exposure to lead and juvenile delinquency. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2001;23(6):511–518.


Braun JM, Froehlich TE, Daniels JL, Dietrich KN, et al. Association of environmental toxicants and conduct disorder in U.S. children: NHANES 2001–2004. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(7):956–962.


Li W, Han S, Gregg TR, Kemp FW, et al. Lead exposure potentiates predatory attack behavior in the cat. Environ Res. 2003;92(3):197–206


Needleman HL, Riess JA, Tobin MJ, Biesecker GE, et al. Bone lead levels and delinquent behavior. J Am Med Assoc. 1996;275(5):363–369. 


Nevin R. How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed pregnancy. Environ Res. 2000;83(1):1–22. 


Pihl RO, Ervin F. Lead and cadmium levels in violent criminals. Psychol Rep. 1990;66(3 Pt 1):839–844


Stretesky PB, Lynch MJ. The relationship between lead exposure and homicide. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155(5):579–582. 


Wright JP, Dietrich KN, Ris D. The effect of early lead exposure on adult criminal behavior: evidence from a 24-year longitudinal study. The Criminologist. 2004;29:4.


Summary - 


People living in regions where they may be exposed to the metals Lead and Manganese may be more prone to sudden outbreaks of violent behavior.  This effect may be amplified if the individuals have been classified as mentally ill and stronger / higher then normal geomagnetic activity is occurring. 



Positive Ions and Hormones
 
When the brain is under environmental stress from more positive ions than usual, such as during full moons and thunderstorms it produces hormones and chemicals to deal with the increased levels of stress. These chemicals are melatonin and serotonin. Increased serotonin levels trigger adrenaline which allows the body to work harder. If the body produces too much serotonin over a long period of time, the adrenaline gets used up.  This means the body is now vulnerable to excessive positive ions, causing a major bio-chemical imbalance.

Because serotonin is such a potent hormone, the ultimate functional changes incident to air ion action are impressive and account for the signs of symptoms of the sharav syndrome.
Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/959834


20 years of research by Dr. Albert Paul Krueger using mice at the University of California in Berkeley revealed that mice exposed to high levels of positive ions showed increased levels of the hormone serotonin.  This hormone impacts a person's behavior. Serotonin is also affected by negative ions, and both positive and negative ions deplete brain levels of serotonin.
Reference:
Biological impact of small air ions.  A.P. Krueger and E.J. Reed September 1976.


Positive Ions enhance Serotonin Levels


Studies have shown that positive ions enhance serotonin levels
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1253899

>This has also been confirmed in other studies.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9531858


Hypothesis


Stronger then Geomagnetic Activity may be affecting the ionization rate in certain regions.





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