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Article compiled by Mr. Scott Rauvers. Founder of ez3dbiz.com and author of more than 2,000 pages on anti-aging.  

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Article Highlights

How Spanish Moss allowed one Man to Live to over 120 years of age

Why taking Vitamin E & C during a 48 hour fast eliminates the benefical Effects of Fasting

How Yttrium caused mice to live up to 3 times longer their normal lifespan

The last 3 years (2018 and previous) has witnessed some remarkable longevity / lifespan / anti-aging studies. In this report we shall examine one of the best and latest in-depth studies of how the humble Mung bean extends lifespan up to 70%. We shall also examine how the rare earth yttrium extends lifespan up to 3 times in mice.  All these lifespan extension methodologiestake place without significant side effects or cancers, which are common side effects associated with powerful anti-aging extracts.

A few years ago, while in Oregon, I researched the process of alchemy. Just last month, while at my residence in Hawaii, I came across the book "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Alchemy". With currently more than over 23,000 books written about alchemy, the Idiot's Guide to Alchemy had a very clear summary of alchemy and a simplified detail of how it works.

For those of you that are new to the subject, the Philosopher's Stone is a by-product of an intensive biological process that results in a red powder / red stone that prolongs human life indefinitely. Here are a few connections I found between the philosopher’s stone and anti-aging.

Spring Time and Alchemy

The book The Complete Idiot's Guide to Alchemy states that the weight of the Philosopher’s Stone would vary over time as if it was being affected by gravity waves. This got me thinking, experiments on the flow of time by Dr. N.A. Kozyrev showed that out of all the metals he tested, that Tungsten was the one metal that exhibited the most variation or had the most effect on space-time. Tungsten happens to have a very high MOE (Modulus of Elasticity), which is the ability of a metal to "snap back" to its original shape after being subjected to extreme / heat / stress. So what if the Philosopher’s Stone contains within it materials/biological matter/metals that allow the cells of the body to "snap back" after aging. One of the main factors of aging is oxidative stress (Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Aging Hang Cui, Yahui Kong, and Hong Zhang. 2011). It is a well-known fact that the process known as "plasticity" is where the cells of the body age as they lose their elasticity (Brain plasticity and motor practice in cognitive aging Liuyang Cai. et al. March 2014).

Tungsten happens to be one of the world's most durable metals w/ excellent heat resistance. Tungsten filaments are used in high power light bulbs and dry Tungsten Powder is used in ball bearing lubricants. It also just happens that molybdenum is also used as a dry ball bearing lubricant for ball bearings under extreme conditions of heat and weight. So the remaining question is, what do both Tungsten and Molybdenum have in common? They are both high MOE materials. They both also have very similar refractive ranges of around 3.5. Refraction is the ability of a material to reflect light at a specific angle. As the process of refraction occurs, the light acquires some degree of polarization

Tungsten and Molybdenum
Tungsten and Molybdenum happen to be both Group 6B elements (refractory metals). This gives them similar atomic size and valence states. Tungsten has exhibited antagonist activity when mixed with molybdenum in animal studies.  This causes a molybdenum deficiency (Effect of Molybdenum and Tungsten on Synthesis and Composition of Formate Dehydrogenase in Methanobacterium formicicum. Harold D. May et al. May 1988),  (Molybdopterin from molybdenum and tungsten enzymes Author links open overlay panelHermann. Schindelin et al. 2001),  These effects have not been reported in humans. Hence the interaction is not significant in human nutrition.

View a Chart of Materials with their MOE numbers here

View a Chart of Refraction values here

Hypothesis -
High / Large Modus of Elasticity materials such as Tungsten and Molybdenum that protect metals from extreme heat and stress may be protecting the cells of the human body in a similar fashion against oxidative stress and heat.  Now the next question is, does this type of protection extend lifespan? Let's first start by looking at mother nature.

Molybdenum and Lifespan Studies on Plants

Studies conducted on wheat have shown that the mineral Molybdenum improves wheat's antioxidant enzyme activity and improves its resistance to frost (Molybdenum application enhances antioxidant enzyme activity and COR15a protein expression under cold stress in wheat Mohammed Al-Issawi et al. September 2015).

Another study found that adding just 0.1% of ammonium molybdenum enhanced the health of plants (Molybdate in Rhizobial Seed-Coat Formulations Improves the Production and Nodulation of Alfalfa Jiqiong Zhou et al. Jan 2017).

Molybdenum improves Seed Respiration
A research study found that adding molybdenum to inoculation formulas improved seed respiration and increased the survival of the rhizobial cells. The study also found that excessive amounts of molybdenum changed the permeability of bacteroid cell membranes and prevented the normal transportation of ammonia (Molybdenum-enriched soybean seeds enhance N accumulation, seed yield, and seed protein content in Brazil. Campo RJ et al. Field Crops Res. 2009;110(3):219–24).

Molybdenum levels in plants are always higher in regions where molybdenum is mined (Monitoring and assessment of soil and forage molybdenum near an atmospheric source. Murray MR1, Baker DE. July 1990). 

Molybdenum levels in plants depend upon its soil content. Legumes such as Mung Beans contain molybdenum as well as grains and nuts (Molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and strontium in total diets). Molybdenum has also been found in air at 0.01 to 0.03 ug/m3 (Assessment of molybdenum toxicity in humans. Vyskocil A and Viau C. May / June 1999). Below is a video of some mung bean extract I made.

Speaking from personal experience, , I had found that when I had accidentally sprinkled some molybdenum powder on an open sliced onion exposed to the outdoor air that I had left lying around my research lab that it suddenly sprouted. Sprouted Onions are supposed to be high in protein. This is because molybdenum acts as a catalyst to sulfur and may explain why it enhanced rapid germination of the onion. Garlic is structurally very similar to onion and research has shown that molybdenum enhances the growth of garlic (Zinc, copper, boron and molybdenum played an important role in increasing growth and bulb yield of garlic. ISSN 0258-7122 (Print), 2408-8293 (Online) Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 41(1): 85-90, March 2016 RESPONSES OF GARLIC TO ZINC, COPPER, BORON AND MOLYBDENUM APPLICATION IN GREY TERRACE SOIL OF AMNURA SOIL SERIES M. N. YOUSUF et al).

Further Reading

Seeds with high molybdenum concentration improved growth and nitrogen acquisition of rhizobium-inoculated and nitrogen-fertilized common bean plants. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. 2013;37(2):367–78.Almeida FFD, Araújo AP, Alves BJR. 

Molybdenum investigations with soybeans in Louisiana. 1973.

Gendy A. Growth, yield and chemicals constituents of fenugreek as influenced by Rhizobium inoculation and molybdenum foliar spray. Middle East j. 2013;2(3):84–92.

Harris HB, Parker MB, Johnson BJ. Influence of Molybdenum Content of Soybean Seed and Other Factors Associated With Seed Source on Progeny Response to Applied Molybdenum1. Agronomy Journal. 1965;57(4):397–9.

Molybdenum: an essential trace element. Sardesai VM. Dec 1993

Dietary reference intakes: vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Trumbo P. et al. March 2001

So what foods contain Molybdenum?  Mung beans, kelp and pork liver (Simultaneous determination of tin, germanium and molybdenum by diode array detection-flow injection analysis with partial least squares calibration model. Zou X et al. March 2004).

So now that we know that molybdenum is a vital nutrient for healthy plants, what experiments exist showing that molybdenum extends lifespan in mammals, possibly by enhancing the cells of the body being subjected to oxidative stress, one of the main causes of aging.

Mice Studies and Molybdenum

Studies conducted on mice found that Molybdenum enhanced their sperm count and quality. Higher doses showed negative effects. Hence a "sweet spot" exists in molybdenum intake that achieves the best results (Effects of molybdenum on sperm quality and testis oxidative stress. Xiao-Wei Zhai et al. May 2013). 

The highest levels of molybdenum have been found to occur in nuts at 0.31mg/kg (Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition. 5th Edition. Walter Mertz), (Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (2006), Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Jennifer J. Oten et al).

It is interesting to note that a clinical trial looking at walnuts  discovered that the long lived Loma Linda Community ate a diet high in nuts and seeds (The Walnuts and Healthy Aging Study (WAHA): Protocol for a Nutritional Intervention Trial with Walnuts on Brain Aging Sujatha Rajaram. et al. Jan 2017). Nuts are another food high in protein. I go into greater detail about their longevity and how nuts extend their lifespan in my book The Vegetarian's Guide to Longevity via Gene Therapy and Raw Foods. I also go into great detail about how plant proteins, found in Tofu extend life.

Does Molybdenum Increase one's Risk of Cancer? 

Because most metals / some minerals contribute to cancer I thought molybdenum was a concern. No evidence exists that molybdenum causes cancer in humans or animals (Assessment of molybdenum toxicity in humans. Vyskocil A and Viau C. May 1999) and consistent findings exist of decreased hemoglobin levels concentration and hematocrit in studies done on rabbits (Arrington and Davis, 1953; McCarter et al., 1962; Ostrom et al., 1961; Valli et al., 1969). The effects occurred at doses of 25 mg/kg/day or more.

Supporting evidence shows that diuresis and proteinuria occur after high doses of molybdenum were administered to animals (Bompart et al., 1990). Asmangulyan (1965) looked at the effects of molybdenum in rabbits taking (0.025, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg/day) for 6 months and at the dose of 5 mg/kg/day, noted changes in their kidneys, livers and weight loss. No effects occurred at lower dosages.

Low Molybdenum contributes to an increased risk of esophageal cancer

A research study found that in regions that had above average rates of esophageal cancer, that the people had below average levels of molybdenum in their bodies. (Nail molybdenum and zinc contents in populations with low and moderate incidence of esophageal cancer.Nouri M et al. July 2008).

Molybdenum and Boron 

Research studies have also found that nuts are high in the element Boron. (The boron content of selected foods and the estimation of its daily intake among free-living subjects. Naghii MR et al. Dec 1996)

One regular user of molybdenum discovered that adding boron to a molybdenum supplement enhanced the beneficial effects (Boron, Molybdenum, SUOX and Sulfites. (The Boron Fix for Sulfites). Discussion in 'Genetic Testing and SNPs' started by aaron_c, Jul 30, 2015).  It is also interesting to note that when mung bean plants were fertilized with boron that it caused changes in their bioelectric fields. (Boron-induced Bioelectric Field Change in Mung Bean. Hypocotyl.Tanada T. Boron-induced Bioelectric Field Change in Mung Bean Hypocotyl.Tanada T) and that Mung beans are sensitive to magnetic fields (Plant Responses to High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Alain Vian et al. Jan 2016). Homemade Mung bean experiments using magnetic water showed remarkable results with mung beans and also Boron is used to make very powerful magnets called Rare Earth Magnets. 

A research study found that giving fruit flies a very low boron diet improved their life span by 9.5% (Environ Health Perspect. 1994 Nov;102 Suppl 7:45-8. Effect of dietary boron on the aging process. Massie HR).

Mung Beans and Lifespan

Mung beans are one of the foods highest in molybdenum (U.S. Nutrient Food Database). The size of mung beans more closely resemble a seed.Mung beans also happen to be the only bean that does not make you fart. It just so happens that mung bean (Vigna radiata) extract has been scientifically proven to extend the lifespan of fruit flies between 29% and 70%. The study found that the two main concentrated substances in the Mung Beans that extended lifespan were Vitexin and Isovitexin (It Is Not Just Folklore: The Aqueous Extract of Mung Bean Coat Is Protective against Sepsis. Zhu S et al. Oct 2012).

A research study found that by reducing boron levels in passionflower that it caused an increase in Vitexin levels in the plant. The increase came from reduced levels of Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sulfur and Potassium (Mineral Deficiency in Passiflora alata Curtis: Vitexin Bioproduction. Marta Simone Mendonça Freitas et al. October 2008). One study found that phytase, which is found in high levels in un-sprouted nuts reduced the absorption of calcium and phosphorous up to 87% (Interactive effects of phosphorus, calcium, and phytase supplements on products of phytate degradation in the digestive tract of broiler chickens.Sommerfeld V. et al. Jan 2018). Another study found that phytase foods affected bone density (Effect of dietary phytase supplementation on the performance, bone densitometry, and phosphorus and nitrogen excretion of broilers Assuena V et al. March 2009).

SECO Enhances the Bioavailability of Protein

The substance secoisolariciresinol (SECO) is found in flaxseed, soybeans, peanut (Mazur et al., 1998), broccoli, cashew nuts and mung beans (Schwartz et al., 2006) as well as kiwi (Milder et al., 2005) and pomegranate (Bonzanini et al., 2009), triticale straw (Hosseinian et al.,2009b), greater burdock (Cai et al., 2006) or Forsythia intermedia (Umezawa et al., 1991). These substances are an important feature in probiotic bacteria so as to enhance the release of SECO. This improves bio availability by intestinal microorganisms (Probiotic Bacteria for Healthier Aging: Immunomodulation and Metabolism of Phytoestrogens. José María Landete et al. August 2017). Speaking from personal experience I have added a teaspoon of flaxseeds to yogurt and found that it greatly enhances the immune system. Hence one of the reasons mung beans and nuts extend lifespan could be due to their having the substance SECO. 

Summary

Perhaps this is why people who eat lots of nuts live longer on average because the nuts bind calcium and phosphorus reducing its absorption into the body.  This would temporarily enhance Vitexin levels. Hence eating nuts 1 hour before consuming mung beans may allow the body to get the most out of Vitexin. 

Also the amino acid composition of the mung bean.  it's amino acid content may match that of a portion of tbe human body allow for rapid assimilation into the body Research studies have already confirmed that the amino acid composition of soy beans matches that of mung beans (Evaluation of the functional properties of mung bean protein isolate for development of textured vegetable protein. F. H. Brishti et al. Aug 2017).

Also wheatgrass is made up of 70% chlorophyll, an important blood builder. Chlorophyll molecules resemble that of the body's hemin molecule. This pigment combines with protein to create hemoglobin in the body (THE EFFECT OF WHEATGRASS JUICE ON HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL W.S.R. TO SAMANYA-VISHESHA SIDDHANTA *Pawar Kiran Bhikaji, Thakare Mangala P, Meshram Dnyaneshwar Sudhakar, Jadhao Manju Namdev. July 2015).

Let's now take a closer look at the latest scientific studies on Vitexin and what they have to say.

Scientific Studies of Vitexin

Vitexin and isovitexin show powerful antioxidant abilities (Anti-secretory, anti-inflammatory and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities of several fractions isolated from Piper carpunya Ruiz & Pav. Quílez A et al. April 2010).

Antioxidants are one of the primary keys to reducing free radicals, a major cause of aging. Fasting stimulates the life extending SIRT1 gene, which causes the body's cells to produce anti-aging anti-bodies (Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting: Two potential diets for successful brain aging Bronwen Martin). This means that Vitexin should not be used during an intermediate fast. We shall go into this in further detail later on. A low calorie diet contributes to the same 'starvation' effect found in fasting which stimulates SIRT1, which is a gene associated with increased lifespan (Caloric restriction, SIRT1 and longevity Carles Cantó and Johan Auwerx. Aug 2009).

SIRT1 Synergists
A research study found that individual administration of Quercetin, berberine, ferulic acid and tyrosol caused a statistically significant increase in mTOR inhibition and AMPK activation and that their associated administration did not reveal synergistic effects (Role of nutraceutical SIRT1 modulators in AMPK and mTOR pathway: Evidence of a synergistic effect. Nutrition. Volume 34, February 2017, Pages 82-96 Luca Giovannini M.D. Sara Bianchi M.Sc).

What is Tyrosol?
Tyrosol is an aromatic compound that can be synthesized from 2-phenylethanol. Its sweet floral aroma is used in foods such as loquat, breadnut tree seed, sparkleberry, and savoy cabbage. Tyrosol also exists in feces, urine and human prostate tissue. Tyrosol exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans and exhibits cardio protective properties. Tyrosol has also been shown to stimulate the SIRT1 gene. Tyrosol has also been detected in adzuki beans (http://foodb.ca).

Vitexin protects against UV rays

Research using cultured human skin fibroblasts showed that vitexin had the strong ability to scavenge free radicals which came from ultraviolet B radiation (A potential anti-inflammation activity and depigmentation effect of Lespedeza bicolor extract and its fractions Seung Jin Lee et al. Feb 2015). This means that vitexin could be used to prevent skin damage caused by excessive exposure to the sun.

Vitexin Increases resistance to Influenza
Vitexin has demonstrated antiviral actions against parainfluenza type 3 and rotavirus (Screening Of Antiviral Compounds From Plants- A Review Sanghai Vaijwade D. N. et al. May 2014).

Vitexin and the Heart

One of the main vulnerabilities as one ages is one becomes more susceptible to infections of the lung, especially pneumonia. Hence we can see that Vitexin may help enhance the body's resistance to pneumonia.

Those with weak hearts are more susceptible to pneumonia (Association between hospitalization for pneumonia and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease. Corrales-Medina VF et al. Jan 2015). Hawthorne berry is used to strengthen the heart (Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) in the treatment of cardiovascular disease Mary C. Tassell. et al. June 2010) and research has shown that the chances of a heart attack / cardiovascular disease increase after a person has had pneumonia (Association between hospitalization for pneumonia and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease. Corrales-Medina VF et al. Jan 2015).

The leaves and flowers of the Hawthorne Berry happen to contain high levels of vitexin (A phyotchemical analysis of selected constituents of Crataegus flos. Scottish School of Herbal Medicine. 2007 Kingston R. et al), (Mills S, Bone K. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy).

What is most interesting is when pigs were given a pneumonia (SEP) vaccine made from fermented mung beans, it greatly enhanced their immune system (Aspergillus awamori-fermented mung bean seed coats enhance the antioxidant and immune responses of weaned pigs. January 2017. Lee DN et al. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2017 Oct;101(5):e342-e351. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12611).

Summary

In summary, taking Vitexin after a heart attack or other heart condition may dramatically reduce one's chance of contracting pneumonia.

Cold Stress treatment and Vitexin
Cold Stress treatment enhances concentrations of vitexin as well as qucertin levels in Hawthorne (Applied environmental stresses to enhance the levels of polyphenolics in leaves of hawthorn plants. Kirakosyan A et al. Physiol Plant. 2004 Jun;121(2):182-186. Kaufman P. et al). Adzuki Beans contain Qucertin (Characterization and quantification of flavonoids and saponins in adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) Chemistry Central Journal December 2017, 11:93. Rui Liu et al. 22 September 2017).

Sprouted Mung Beans show Enhanced Qucertin Levels
Research has shown that Qucertin significantly increased in mung bean sprouts that had been germinated. The study found that total antioxidant levels increased 6 times higher than un-sprouted mung bean seeds (Effect of germination on phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activity of mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata). Guo X et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Nov 7;60(44):11050-5. doi: 10.1021/jf304443u. Epub 2012 Oct 30)

Another study found that ascorbic acid, phenolic composition and antioxidant levels increased in mungs that were sprouted. The study also found that green mung bean sprouts showed higher total phenolic content, ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity compared to black mung bean sprouts. Also the substances (phenolic compounds) ferulic acid, gallic acid caffeic acid, catechin and rutin increases gradually after being sprouted (germinated) (Dynamic changes in phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity in green and black mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts. Ren-You Gan et al. 21 August 2016. DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13185).

Qucertin activates the SIRT1 Gene
Qucertin has been shown to suppresses oxLDL-induced endothelial oxidative injury due to its ability to activate the SIRT1 gene. (Quercetin is a potent anti-atherosclerotic compound by activation of SIRT1 signaling under oxLDL stimulation. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015. Oct;59(10):1905-17. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500144. Epub 2015 Aug 26. Hung CH1,2, Chan SH3, Chu PM4, Tsai KL). SIRT1 is a very powerful lifespan extender (Sirt1 extends life span and delays aging in mice through the regulation of Nk2 homeobox 1 in the DMH and LH Akiko Satoh et al. Sept 2013).

Onion is high in qucertin (Absorption and antioxidant effects of quercetin from onions, in man. McAnlis GT et al. Feb 1999). It just so happens that a study found that when onion was combined with sprouted Fenugreek seeds that the combination reduced cholesterol gallstones by 75%, 27% and 76%, respectively. Could this be due to the fact that molybdenum dissolves gallstones or that the yttrium in the fenugreek dissolves gallstones or both? Onion also happens to stimulate / activate the SIRT1 gene, the same gene that becomes stimulated when one fasts.

Fruit Fly experiments conducted by Mr. Doug Skrecky during 1997 found that Fenugreek was a potent lifespan extender with nicotinamide delivering the best results (http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=8132)

Vitexin exhibits Strong Anti-Aging Traits

A research study involving mice showed that after mice were given vitexin, that their brains weighed more, and that they showed elevated total antioxidant capacity. The key finding here was that Vitexin increased levels of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in regions of the body such as the kidneys, brain, and liver (Antioxidant effects of the orientin and vitexin in Trollius chinensis Bunge in D-galactose-aged mice?Fang An, Guodong Yang et al. Nov 2012). This is a major finding, because out of the thousands of pages I have written over the last 10 years, Superoxide Dismutase is one of the major enzymes that protects the body's cells from aging (Superoxide dismutase evolution and life span regulation. Landis GN and Tower J. March 2005). As a matter of fact I even developed my own brand of Superoxide Powder (SOD) mix called Scott's Hawaiian SOD Booster.

Further Reading
A scientific study of a list of foods that exhibit  Superoxide Dismutase Activity (Screening for Superoxide Dismutase-like Compounds and Its Activators in Extracts of Fruits and Vegetables. Seok Joong Kim et al).

Summary

Superoxide Dismutase is an enzyme that acts as an antioxidant that extends the life of the cells by creating a type of shield against free radicals. One of the everyday methods that boost Superoxide Dismutase levels is exercise (Rigorous exercise training increases superoxide dismutase activity in ventricular myocardium. Powers SK et al. Dec 1993). The only reason I invented the supplement was because taking a supplement before or after exercise generates a longer lasting level of Superoxide Dismutase, plus it also greatly enhances exercise recovery and endurance. Simply put, the good feeling you feel after a good workout is the result of increased levels of the enzyme superoxide dismutase. Also some herbs will increase superoxide dismutase although not to as great an extent as exercise (The effects of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), green tea (Camellia sinensis) and commercial rooibos and green tea supplements on epididymal sperm in oxidative stress-induced rats. Awoniyi DO et al. August 2010). Roobios is one herb that enhances superoxide dismutase levels.  Yoga also enhances superoxide dismutase (Effect of yogic exercise on super oxide dismutase levels in diabetics. Hemant H Mahapure et al. June 2008)

Vitexin as powerful as Vitamin E

Another research study found that Vitexin had the same antioxidant capacity as vitamin E (Antioxidant effects of the orientin and vitexin in Trollius chinensis Bunge in D-galactose-aged mice. An F et al. Nov 2012).

Vitexin has also been shown to delay aging due to its effect to maintain normal cell structures.  This reduces the aging of brain nerve cells, allowing them to function normally (Antioxidant effects of the orientin and vitexin in Trollius chinensis Bunge in D-galactose-aged mice. Fang An et al. Nov 2012).  

Vitexin Restores Hair in Elderly Mice
Vitexin appears to restore hair color. A study found that hair color and luster were improved in aged mice that took vitexin. The study concluded that Vitexin delayed aging due to its ability to keep cell structures intact which in turn reduced the de-generation of brain nerve cells (Antioxidant effects of the orientin and vitexin in Trollius chinensis Bunge in D-galactose-aged mice. Fang An et al. Nov 2012). The herb Horsetail has exhibited similar effects (Use of silicon for skin and hair care: an approach of chemical forms available and efficacy. Lidiane Advincula de Araújo et al. June 20160

Vitexin Improves Memory
After writing about anti-aging and performing mega-summaries of all the data, the final conclusions throughout all the latest published scientific literature are starting to show that when an aging brain is treated with neurocognitive enhancing substances, which protect the neurons of the brain, that one of the beneficial side effects is reversed aging.

Summary

Substances that protect the brain's neurons from aging may be the very start of reversing aging. Studies on Vitexin using mice found that it enhanced their memory retrieval (Effects of vitexin on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats. Abbasi E et al. June 2013).

Vitexin as a Cellular Loss Preventiive

Numerous studies now confirm that oxidative stress is one of the main factors of aging, with the majority of stress taking place in the upper regions of the body which contribute to cognitive decline, usually by a loss of neurons (Alzheimer's), hence numerous substances that protect the brain from neurocognitive decline or improve cognition have tremendous anti-aging potential.

In a scientific study using Vitexin, excitotoxicity (intentional damage of neurons) via NMDA was induced in mice. Before excitotoxicity took place, the mice had taken a dose of Vitexin. The study found that pretreatment with Vitexin prevented cell loss and that it also reduced the number of neurons in the brain that were destroyed (Neuroprotective effects of vitexin by inhibition of NMDA receptors in primary cultures of mouse cerebral cortical neurons. Yang L, et al. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014). This may mean that taking Vitexin before brain intenstive tasks may enhance mental focus and concentration.  It may also synergize with Berberine although research is needed to confirm this.

Parallel studies using excitotoxicity showed that Vitexin also protected the brain's neurons and also cerebral regions in the brain (The glycosylated flavonoids vitexin, isovitexin, and quercetrin isolated from Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) leaves protect PC12 cells against amyloid-β25-35 peptide-induced toxicity. Guimarães CC, et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015 Guimarães CC et al. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015 Dec;86:88-94, Chen L et al. Mol Med Rep. 2016 Dec;14(6):5607-5613, Lee EB et al. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2015 Nov;23(6):582-9).

Vitexin and its effects on C. Elgans

C. Elgans is a tiny worm used in biological experiments, many of which involve aging. The sacrifice of this worm in countless aging studies gets no where near enough credit for the pain it goes through. A research study found that Vitexin showed anti-aging effects in the roundworm C. elegans by improving its ability to tolerate stress in stressful environments, all without the common side effects of most anti-aging substances which usually include food intake, offspring and normal growth. The study also found it increased antioxidant enzymes and lowered intracellular reactive oxygen species in a dose dependent manner. (Lifespan Extending and Stress Resistant Properties of Vitexin from Vigna angularis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Lee EB, et al. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2015).

The Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis)

After writing the book The Complete Guide to Natural Toothache Remedies and Re-mineralization which I now use the information in this book to solve any order of gum or tooth problems as I stopped going to the dentist almost 10 years ago. I found that Adzuki Bean has been tremendously helpful due to the fact that it 'drains' damp. 'Damp' is a Traditional Chinese Medicine term that states that excess damp causes illness, one of the major causes of western pain and suffering. Dampness and its effects upon the human body have since been verified scientifically (Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004).

From personal experience, I utilize the Adzuki Bean to alleviate toothache. This is because toothaches are caused by damp conditions and Adzuki Beans happen to quickly drain dampness from the body. Dampness, especially a condition known as "Damp Heat in the Stomach, causes the harboring and breeding of bad bacteria leading to toothache (Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine E-Book: A Comprehensive Guide By Giovanni Maciocia).

Another way to remove damp heat is by increasing circulation in the body via exercise. Dampness is caused in large part from sugary and artificial foods and foods high in artificial fats. Dampness combined with heat causes glaucoma and poor eyesight, because as heat is generated in the body, it converts the damp to steam which rises to the upper regions of the body. Glaucoma is a condition where excess liquid gathers in the eyes, contributing to poor eyesight. While this may all seem a little off topic, the key point here is that maintaining a healthy level of water and avoiding excess heat in the body, so as to not create "damp heat" is a vital component to extending lifespan.  This may be why the power of fasting works so well because food is not eaten, which reduces heat-dampness due to less digestion and the body processing less water found in foods. Let's now examine one of the best foods that quickly drain dampness and what the scientific literature has to say about it.

Adzuki Beans and Vitexin

Adzuki Beans happen to contain Vitexin (Characterization and quantification of flavonoids and saponins in adzuki bean. Rui Liu et al. 2017. Chem Cent J. doi: 10.1186/s13065-017-0317-x. PMCID: PMC5610137).A research study extracted vitexin from Adzuki Beans and found that it possessed life-extension properties when administered to Caenorhabditis elegans (Lifespan Extending and Stress Resistant Properties of Vitexin from Vigna angularis (adzuki beans) in Caenorhabditis elegans Eun Byeol Lee et al. Nov 2015). The adzuki beans in this study showed very potent lifespan extension effects by elevating the survival rates of the nematodes when they were placed in stressful environments such as oxidative and heat conditions. Most interestingly, the vitexin obtained from the Adzuki beans elevated the worms' antioxidant enzymes and reduced their intracellular ROS accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. The study concluded that vitexin is a promising candidate for extending human lifespan.

Additional studies found that Hot-water extracts from Adzuki beans exhibit anti-graying effects (Hot-water extracts from adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) stimulate not only melanogenesis in cultured mouse B16 melanoma cells but also pigmentation of hair color in C3H mice. Itoh T and Furuichi Y. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2005 May;69(5):873-82). So there may be a link between foods and lifestyle that cause excess dampness / heat in the body and controlling an excess of these in order to extend lifespan.

Adzuki Beans and Diabetes
Research studies have confirmed that mung beans lower diabetes (Antidiabetic activity of Mung bean extracts in diabetic KK-Ay mice. Yao Y, et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2008. et al. Oct 2008). It just so happens that extracts of adzuki using hot-water were found to exhibit preventive and ameliorative effects of the progression of diabetes in diabetic mice (Hypoglycemic effect of hot-water extract of adzuki (Vigna angularis) in spontaneously diabetic KK-A(y) mice. Itoh T. et al. Nutrition. 2009 Feb;25(2):134-41. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.08.001. Epub 2008 Oct 16). Hot Water Extracts of certain foods are used because they enhance nutrient absorption. Much like the healing properties of soups and herbal extracts.

Additional Reading
Hepatoprotective effects of the water extract from adzuki bean hulls on acetaminophen-induced damage in rat liver. Han, KH et al. (2004). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 50, 380-383).

Constituents and anti-oxidative activity of a hot-water extract of Adzuki (Vigna angularis) beans. Yumiko H et al. Soc Nutr Food Sci. 2009;62:3–11. doi: 10.4327/jsnfs.62.3.

Anti-depressant-like effect of vitexin in BALB/c mice and evidence for the involvement of monoaminergic mechanisms. Can ÖD et al. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;699:250–257. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.10.017.

Now let's get back to Vitexin. 

In foods, where is Vitexin most Concentrated?

Vitexin is most concentrated in the hull of beans. A study was conducted to find out which region of the mung bean contained the most Vitexin. The study found that mung bean hull had the most vitexin at 37.43 mg/g, with isovitexin at 47.18 mg/g. This region of the Mung bean also contained numerous phytochemicals and tannin was more abundant in the cotyledon part of the mung bean (Phytochemical distribution in hull and cotyledon of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiate L.), and their contribution to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities. Food Chemistry 201 · January 2016. Jiaqiang Luo et al).

Additional Reading

Lifespan Extending and Stress Resistant Properties of Vitexin from Vigna angularis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Eun Byeol Lee et al. College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Jeonju 55338, Republic of Korea. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea, Department of Functional Crop, National Institute of Crop Science,  

Seed germination and Vitexin

An interesting observation is vitexin extracts taken from moss has been studied for its effects on early seed germination (Effects of seven pure flavonoids from mosses on germination and growth of Tortula muralis HEDW. (Bryophyta) and Raphanus sativus L.(Magnoliophyta). Adriana Basile et al. Phytochemistry 62(7):1145-51 · May 2003).

 Vitexin and Free Radicals

Free radicals are one of the most powerful and destructive forces responsible for aging in the body. Vitexin has been shown to inhibit free radicals a whopping 70% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL . The study also found that Vitexin can be used for prevention of UV-induced adverse skin reactions stemming from free radicals and skin cell damage (The isolation and antioxidative effects of vitexin from Acer palmatum. February 2005, 28:195. Jin Hwa et al).

Foods and Herbs that contain Vitexin

The spice Fenugreek is affected by molybdenum. Fenugreek also happens to contain high amounts of Vitexin and Isovitexin (Common medicinal plants with antiobesity potential: A special emphasis on fenugreek Parveen Kumar and Uma Bhandari. September 2015).

Chrysanthemum contains Vitexin
Another powerful anti-aging herb Chrysanthemum, also contains vitexin (Flavonoids and 
volatiles in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat flower from Tongxiang County in China. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(25), pp. 3817-3821, 21 June, 2010. Qing-Lei Sun et al).

Vitexin is also found in chaste tree, passionflower, bamboo leaves, pearl millet, hawthorn, fenugreek seeds and mung beans. Vitexin is also found in Cyperus rotundus, which is a species of sedge (Cyperaceae) that is native to Africa, southern Asia and southern and central Europe and. Sedge consists of a grass-like plant that has triangular stems and grows in wet ground. Sedges are found throughout temperate and cold regions (Fructose-amino acid conjugate and other constituents from Cyperus rotundus L. Sayed HM et al. Nat Prod Res. 2008;22(17):1487-97. doi: 10.1080/14786410802038556).

Vitexin has also been found in: Flax Seeds, Licorice, Passionflower, Cornsilk, and Fenugreek (Prescription for Nutritional Healing. Phyllis A. Balch), Soapwort (Bouncing Bet) (Saponaria Officinalis (Caryophyllaceae) (Chemical Dictionary of Economic Plants. Jeffrey B. Harborne, Herbert Baxter), Flax seeds (Flavonoid C-glucosides Derived from Flax Straw Extracts Reduce Human Breast Cancer Cell Growth. Magdalena Czemplik et al. August 2016)

Roobios Tea contains Vitexin

I am a big fan of Roobios tea and use it as an exercise recovery tea. It just so happens that Roobios Tea also contains Vitexin (Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) beyond the farm gate: From herbal tea to potential phytopharmaceutical. South African Journal of Botany. Volume 77, Issue 4, October 2011, Pages 869-886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.07.004).

Additional Reading
Ameliorative effect of aspalathin from rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) on acute oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chen W, Sudji IR, Wang E, Joubert E, van Wyk BE, Wink M.

Fenugreek seed and the Intestine

Fenugreek seed positively affects intestinal microbiota. A study involving piglets fed Fenugreek seed were found to have higher Lactobacillus and clostridium cluster concentrations and lower Escherichia, Hafnia and Shigella concentrations in their small intestine. Lactobacillus happens to be one of the most powerful anti-aging probiotic and is commonly found in yogurt (Effects and mechanisms of prolongevity induced by Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 in Caenorhabditis elegans Hisako Nakagawa et al. Dec 2015). The study concluded that fenugreek seeds may be suggested as a feed ingredient for piglets because of their beneficial effects on the intestinal microbiota (Fenugreek seed affects intestinal microbiota and immunological variables in piglets after weaning. Zentek J et al. Br J Nutr. 2013 Mar 14;109(5):859-66. doi: 10.1017/S000711451200219X. Epub 2012 Jul 3).

From my many years of researching and publishing anti-aging materials, one of the keys to a longer lifespan lies in healthy intestinal microbiota which come from probiotics. Probiotics are found in healthy abundance in yogurt (Effects and mechanisms of prolongevity induced by Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 in Caenorhabditis elegans Hisako Nakagawa, et al. Dec 2015). This could be the reason why Mr. Zaro Agha of Turkey, who was believed to have lived between 157 and 164  years of age. This was partly due to the fact that his diet contained large amounts of yogurt (The Guardian.com). The story of Zaro Agha was also reported in Time Magazine. 

Summary
It may be that spices that contain vitexin enhance / support healthy intestine bacteria. Scientific studies have already confirmed that Fenugreek enhances intestinal microbiota (Fenugreek seed affects intestinal microbiota and immunological variables in piglets after weaning.Zentek J et al. Mar 2013).

Additional Reading
Soluble dietary fibre fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed improves glucose homeostasis in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancing insulin action. Hannan JM et al. Br J Nutr. 2007;97:514–521. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507657869.

Before we go further, let's look at some more interesting facts about the humble and much overlooked mung bean. 

Mung Beans are Sensitive to Light
A research study found that when the green leaves of mung beans were illuminated with light, that it caused considerable changes in the levels of intermediates of the Krebs cycle and its related compounds. The Krebs cycle is a sequence of reactions which living cells generate energy. The largest changes were noted in the substances malate and aspartate. The study suggested this effect was caused by changes in the ratio of oxidized to reduced nicotinamide adenine nucleotides (CHANGES IN LEVELS OF NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES AND KREBS CYCLE INTERMEDIATES IN MUNG BEAN LEAVES AFTER ILLUMINATION. D. GRAHAM* and JUDITH E. COOPER. Manuscript received July 21, 1966).

What is also very interesting is Mung Beans are extremely sensitive to magnetic fields, with numerous do it yourself at home experiments showing what happens when you sprout mung beans near a magnet or placing different trays of sprouting mung beans with the magnets at various positions and at various distances. As an interesting side note, Alex Chiu's "immortality rings" are said by him to make you life forever, although no scientific studies to date have proven this claim. Please note, these rings are no overnight sensation.  Alex Chiu has been selling these rings non-stop for over a decade. With a 3.4 star rating on Amazon, user feedback seems to be mostly positive. It is also interesting to note that the ancient Egyptian QI Gong exercise known as the Emerald Tablets Exercise takes advantage of earth's north and south magnetic fields to strengthen the muscles in the body, which in turn burn fat and enhance longevity and good health.

Combining Mung Beans with L-DOPA, GABA and essential amino acids

A common theme that keeps popping up over and over again in my anti-aging research is that foods that relieve depression are some of the best anti-aging foods. One of the best examples is deprenyl (Chronic treatment of (-)deprenyl prolongs the life span of male Fischer 344 rats. Further evidence. Kitani K et al. 1993), (The necessity of having a proper dose of (-)deprenyl (D) to prolong the life spans of rats explains discrepancies among different studies in the past. Kitani K et al. May 2006). This is because moods control our thoughts and thoughts have been proven to affect the health of the body. This has now been confirmed in long term scientific studies (STRESS AND HEALTH: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants. Neil Schneiderman et al. Oct 2016).L-DOPA and GABA both happen to be both very powerful depression fighters (Dopamine mediated antidepressant effect of Mucuna pruriens seeds in various experimental models of depression Digvijay G. Rana and Varsha J. Galani. March 2014).

Another research study looked at what might happen when L-DOPA and GABA along with essential amino acids were fermented with mung beans. The study found that the essential amino acids increased after 38 hours and that GABA increased after 18 hours. The sudy concluded that fermentation with L-DOPA, GABA can be used as a method to super-enrich mung beans in order to create a substance that enhances the immune system and protect neurons in the brain (Enrichment of Mung Bean with L-DOPA, GABA, Essential Amino Acids via Controlled Biofermentation Strategy.
Azlina Mohd Danial, Koh Soo Peng and Kamariah Long. Biotechnology & Nanotechnology Research Center, MARDI Headquarters, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400. Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Biotechnology for Wellness Industries, 2015, 4, 114-122).

Osteoarthritis

Manganese (found in abundance in TEFF and Mung Beans) has been shown to help treat osteoporosis (The role of trace minerals in osteoporosis. J. Am Coll Nutr. 1993 Aug;12(4):384-9. Saltman PD1, Strause LG).One of the key fundamental markers of aging is bone loss. This is where the body can't retain or absorb enough calcium long enough in the body to prevent bone loss. Studies done on Yogurt showed people who ate yogurt had a reduced chance of hip fracture (Effects of Dairy Products Consumption on Health: Benefits and Beliefs—A Commentary from the Belgian Bone Club and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases Serge Rozenberg et al. Oct 2015).

The reason mung beans help prevent / treat bone loss may be due in part to their high manganese content which goes straight to the bones. Hence manganese may end up being better absorbed by the body (more so than calcium) and may be retained longer than calcium). As a matter of fact people who drink milk show a higher rate of mortality (Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies. Karl Michaëlsson et al. Oct 2014)  

Many people think that it is the silica in horsetail that contributes to stronger teeth and bones, however Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) happens to contain manganese, as well as silicon (The Effect of Equisetum Arvense (Horse Tail) Ointment on Wound Healing and Pain Intensity After Episiotomy: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Azam Asgharikhatooni et al. March 2015). Because silicon is a vital mineral for strong bones (SILICON AND BONE HEALTH. R. JUGDAOHSINGH. March 2007), it may be that the manganese is enhancing the bones absorption of silicon or vice versa. This could be why Horsetail is suggested as a treatment for osteoporosis (Anabolic therapy with Equisetum arvense along with bone mineralising nutrients in ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. Swati D. Kotwal and Smita R. Badole. June 2016). 

Maca root, originally used by Peruvian doctors to treat osteoporosis (Hormone-Balancing Effect of Pre-Gelatinized Organic Maca (Lepidium peruvianum Chacon): (III) Clinical responses of early-postmenopausal women to Maca in double blind, randomized, Placebo-controlled, crossover configuration, outpatient study. H. O. Meissner, et al. Dec 2006) is also suspected to contain manganese.

Hence a good combination may be mung bean extract with maca root extract. Another interesting fact is vitamin b6 has been used to heal the bone disorder carpal tunnel (Carpal tunnel syndrome and vitamin B6. Milly Ryan-Harshman, PhD RD. July 2007). This may also go well with an osteoporosis lowering regime, as carpal tunnel is related to the bones and nerves.

Additional Reading
Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2003;54(1):33-8. Rahnama M et al).

Manganese and Nano-Spheres

Manganese is also found in pineapple. Manganese is also found in high levels in the bones (The manganese in bone. H. Fore and R. A. Morton. August 1952), with remaining amounts found in the kidneys, liver, liver, thyroid gland and pancreas. Manganese is used to make nanospheres (Transition-Metal-Doped Manganese Oxide Hollow Nanospheres: Synthesis and Catalytic Activity. Jeffrey Carmichael. Department of Chemistry, Connecticut College, New London, CT 06320. 2014), which can help enhance the bioavailability of nutrients into the body (Bioavailability of nanoparticles in nutrient and nutraceutical delivery. EdgarAcosta. Feb 2009). Hazelnuts, Cloves, Cardamon and Ginger also contain Manganese (nutritiondata.com).

Nanoparticles have been made by mixing manganese with lemon extract and turmeric (curcumin) (Green synthesis and characterization of Manganese nanoparticles using natural plant extracts and its evaluation of antimicrobial activity. M. Jayandran et al. Dec 2015).

Summary 

Nano-spherircal nano-particles enable proper and rapid absorption of nutrients / minerals, much like a herbal extract enhances the absorption of the nutrients (hence mung bean extract).

It just so happens that mung beans are one of the foods highest in manganese (U.S. Nutrient Food Database). Hence, it may be the body's ability to thoroughly absorb the nutrients / minerals, especially absorption / assimilation of manganese into the bones that plays a large part in anti-aging.

Further Reading
Manganese May Prevent Toxin Damage. National Institutes of Health. January 30, 2012

Role of manganese in neurodegenerative diseases. Aaron B. Bowman, et al. Dec 2011

Also the enzyme bromelain found in pineapple, which helps digest proteins (Properties and Therapeutic Application of Bromelain: A Review. Rajendra Pavan et al. Dec 2012) does so due to the fact that it assists in the creation of nano-spheres / particles inside the stomach allowing for better protein bioavailability.

As a matter of fact pineapple leaves have been used to create nanoparticles (Evaluation of antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles green-synthesized using pineapple leaf (Ananas comosus). Emeka EE et al. Feb 2014)

Protein and Vitexin

Mung beans are also exceptionally high in protein. Protein is one of the major contributors to re-building muscles. The key to successful protein utilization is not to eat too much and to ensure the protein is properly absorbed into the body.This can be a tricky balance as excess protein can contribute to excess ammonia build-up, accelerating aging  (Breath ammonia and ethanol increase in response to a high protein challenge.Spacek LA et al. March 2015). Other research has shown that water and oil absorption of mung bean protein isolate, was similar soy bean protein isolate. Soy protein isolate is found in high levels in Tofu (International Food Research Journal 24(4): 1595-1605 (August 2017). F.H. et al. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran Santa Maria (UFSM). Mung beans contain iron that is easily absorbed into the body. Hence it may be a combination of bio-available iron and specific proteins in the proper ration that contribute to the extended lifespan.

 From personal experience of eating Tofu over the years I have found that taking a couple vitamin C capsules before eating the Tofu greatly enhances the absorption of the iron from the Tofu. This same rule should also apply to mung beans. Research has shown that taking vitamin C with a meal high in iron enhances bioavailability of the iron (Prediction of dietary iron absorption: an algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Hallberg L, Hulthén March 2000). Another research study found that taking Vitamin A enhanced iron absorption up to 200% for rice, 80% for wheat and 140% for corn. And when beta-carotene was included in the meal, it increased iron absorption more than 300% for rice and 180% for wheat and corn (Vitamin A and beta-carotene can improve nonheme iron absorption from rice, wheat and corn by humans. García-Casal MN et al. March 1998).

Phytates, commonly found in seeds and nuts, significantly decrease iron absorption (Review on iron and its importance for human health. Abbaspour N. et al. Feb 2014), (Iron bioavailability and dietary reference values. Hurrell R, and Egli I. March 2010). As little as 2 mg of phytate in foods can reduce iron absorption by 18%. And if up to 250 mg of phytates are consumed up to 82% of the iron is not absorbed (Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption. Zijp IM). Also up to 165 mg of calcium from milk, cheese or a supplement reduces iron absorption up to between 50 and 60% (Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption. Zijp IM et al. Sept 2000), (Calcium: effect of different amounts on nonheme- and heme-iron absorption in humans. Hallberg L et al. Jan 1991).

Polyphenols and Iron Absorption
Drinking black tea with a meal high in iron can reduce iron between 60 and 70% (Effect of tea and other dietary factors on iron absorption. Zijp IM et al. Sept 2000). It is best to leave a gap of between 1.5 to 2 hours between your iron-rich meals if you want to maximize iron absorption. Also excess iron can be a hindrance to health. This is because the iron gathers in the liver eventually causing an increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and liver damage (Beyond hereditary hemochromatosis: new insights into the relationship between iron overload and chronic liver diseases. Fargion S et al. Feb 2011), (Iron overload: consequences, assessment, and monitoring. Taher AT et al. 2008). Speaking from personal experience, I usually increase my intake of iron just after a round of heavy exercise.

Chitosan Increases Gel Strength of Tofu

In my book The Vegetarian's Guide to Longevity via Gene Therapy and Raw Foods, I list a special formula known as the "chitosan mix', which enhances the effectiveness of the yogurt. This effect is most likely due to the proteins in the yogurt being enhanced by the Chitosan. A research study found that when Chitosan was added to tofu that it increased its gel strength between 5% and 305% and as an added side effect it extended shelf life an additional 2–10 days. This was due to the ability of Chitosan to alter the water content of the tofu slightly. Tofu prepared with acetic acid showed the longest lasting effects (The effect of chitosan on the gel properties of tofu (soybean curd). Journal of Food Engineering Volume 57, Issue 4, May 2003, Pages 315-319).

Chitosan and Intestinal Health
Not only does Chitosan extend the lifespan of Tofu, but also micro bacteria in the intestine as well. A research study found that chitosan extended the residence time of microparticles in the small intestine and colon. Microparticles that had been prepared using the lowest molecular weight chitosan (62 kDa) were found to exhibit an adsorption of betwen 55-84%. Also a chitosan to alginate mass ratio of 1:0.25) showed good mucoadhesive between 51-79% mucin adsorption. This was due to alginate being negatively charged which disrupted the electrostatic interaction between chitosan, which is positively charged, with the negatively charged mucin, resulting in a higher molecular weight chitosan that had a lower degree of deacetylation, thus a much weaker interaction with mucin (Mucoadhesives in the gastrointestinal tract: revisiting the literature for novel applications. Wieringa, Peter A. et al. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 60 (2005): 1–16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.01.007).

The water and oil absorption capacities including the denaturation temperature of mung bean protein isolate is similar to soy bean protein isolate. Also the foaming capacity (89.66%) of mung bean protein isolate is higher than that of soy protein isolate (68.66%) (Evaluation of the functional properties of mung bean protein isolate for development of textured vegetable protein. Fatema H. Brishti et al. Jan 2017).

Vitexin and Berberine
Berberine is a powerful anti-aging substance due to its neuroprotective properties. I have written an extensive article about how Berberine extends lifespan (World's first anti-ageing drug could see humans live to 120. Scott  Rauvers.www.ez3dbiz.com). A research study found that an interaction occurred between vitexin and DNA. The study found that vitexin extruded berberine from DNA causing a decrease of the fluorescence intensity at pH 7.4. Vitexin binds to DNA via hydrogen bonds or van der Waals forces (Study on the mechanism of interaction between vitexin and DNA. LIU Wei;LIU Hong;College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Hainan Normal University; Journal of Huazhong Normal University(Natural Sciences).

Alchemy and the LIfe Extending Secrets of the Rare Earth Element Yttrium

My years of book research on studying the science of alchemy in Oregon revealed that the final end product of making the philosopher’s stone was a red powder that when only a few grains were added to wine, caused the person's nails and hair to fall out, at which time they would grow back again and the person would return to looking like he was between 40 and 45 years of age. I read one account of an alchemist who had just successfully made the philosopher’s stone and was so enthusiastic that he took more than a few grains. As a matter of fact he took so much that he overdosed and he died. My last 7 years of publishing more than 2,000 pages on anti-aging, I have found that the most potent anti-aging substances work best taken in very small doses spread out over a controlled period of time. This is similar to maximizing calcium intake, where small amounts are taken throughout the day compared to one large intake of calcium. Straight large doses can be detrimental when it comes to anti-aging substances,, however just the right dosage, which is usually small amounts has the most beneficial anti-aging effect.

Elements of Immortality from the Air
In the original alchemy texts it states that gathering dew from the grass during spring when the moon is in Taurus is the starting point for making the philosopher’s stone. As a matter of fact the video below shows this process in detail.

Also at 1:19 into the video below you can see the alchemist making gold using the rays of the sun.

In the northern hemisphere, the season of Spring is the time of year when the sun is in the constellation Taurus. When it aligns with the moon (moon in Taurus) the power is doubly magnified. So dew comes from the air. Hence there must be something circulating in earth's air / atmosphere that is responsible for the very beginning of making the philosopher's  stone.

Dew Contains Phosphorous

Scientific research has shown that the Dew that comes from the air contains Phosphorous(Leaf dew contributes nutrients to paddies and improves rice growth Y. Y. Xu , et al. Dec 2012) and calcium (Dew and frost chemistry at a midcontinent site, George H. Wagner et al. Dec 1992).

The research study that analyzed dew (Leaf dew contributes nutrients to paddies and improves rice growth), found that the nutrients, including phosphorus in dew, improve the growth of rice. The study concluded that compared to foliar fertilizer, dew acts as a natural potent fertilizer by acting as an important pathway for the transfer of nutrients.This may be due to the fact that rice is an excellent absorber of airborne water moisture, which is why people who drop their cell phones in the water and then immerse the wet cell phones in rice have their cell phone dry out much faster than if they leave it in the open air. Dew also contains ammonium nitrogen (ammonia)and nitrate nitrogen with a PH averaging 6.3 which is slightly more acidic than rain or surface water (The composition of Indian rain and dew By John Walter Leather). 

So we can see in the above study that dew improves the bioavailability of nutrients. Hence phosphorous or nitrogen may have similar properties to manganese in that they help break down particles into smaller pieces.

Summary

Hence, we can conclude that the philosopher stone. / red powder most likely consists of nano particles / spheres that enhance nutrient bioavailability. In alchemy, because this red powder was added to red wine perhaps it enhanced the bioavailability of the resveratrol in the wine, much like the interaction resveratrol showed with manganese that we discussed earlier. Wine also happens to have probiotic properties (Diversity of the microbiota involved in wine and organic apple cider submerged vinegar production as revealed by DHPLC analysis and next-generation sequencing. Trcek J et al. April 2016) and red wine also stimulates SIRT1 as we showed earlier.

Another study looked at the dew in the Negev Desert (The role of dew in Negev Desert plants. Hill AJ et al. June 2015). The study found that dew contained the minerals Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorous.  The study found that the dew contained 3 times as much of these elements compared to the desert rain. Hence dew is a form of super concentrated rain. The study also came to the same conclusion that cobbles and stones covered with dew may act as a natural sink for plant nutrients providing the explanation of why high plant cover exists in the Negev Highlands. The study also concluded that due to global warming, a decrease in dew precipitation may be taking place, resulting in nutrient depletion and a reduction in plant cover.

Spanish Moss. Alchemy in the Air

So what if there was a plant / herb / that absorbed nutrients from the air, much like dew captures airborne nutrients? Wouldn't this plant contain substances used to create the philosopher’s stone from which physical immortality originates from?

One unique plant with such properties is called "Spanish Moss" (Tillandsia usneoides). This plant captures nutrients from the air due to its beard like appearance. This 'grass' type plant is commonly seen hanging from trees and sometimes from people's fences and backyards as it requires zero maintenance to keep it alive. As a matter of fact it is such a good absorber of nutrients from the air, that it is commonly used to measure air quality. Spanish moss is also called Tillandsia and is related to the pineapple family (The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the CAM epiphyte Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides, Bromeliaceae) and its comparative analysis. Péter Poczai. Nov 2017). The primary concentrated substance responsible for its effects is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG).

For many generations Louisiana residents have sipped a tea made from Spanish moss as a diabetes folk remedy. Research has shown that Spanish Moss dramatically lowers blood sugar and is a powerful diabetes fighter (Identification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) as a hypoglycemic principle of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides). Witherup KM et al. Aug 1995).

So if we look at what Spanish Moss is made of we get the two rare elements Yttrium and Lanthanum (Airborne Chemical Elements in Spanish Moss. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 574-E. By HANSFORD T. SHACKLETTE and JON J. CONNOR). As an interesting side note, the ARV device that I have invented to successfully remote view the future position of the dow jones uses the rare earth's Lanthanum and Yttrium. Because Spanish Moss lives off of nutrients floating around in the air, Yittrium must be an airborne element. These 2 elements (Yttrium and Lanthanum) are both commonly found together and are commonly known as rare earth oxides or rare earth elements and have glow in the dark type characteristics (luminescence).

Besides manganese playing an important in the ARV device, yttrium also plays an important role. It may just be that yttrium or lanthanum also exhibit precursor activity before major solar activity. This is because manganese has been shown to exhibit changes in its decay rate just before stronger solar activity (Additional experimental evidence for a solar influence on nuclear decay rates. Jere H.Jenkins et al. Sept 2012). Hence if stronger solar activity partly causes aging, manganese may provide a protective barrier of some sort. Below is a video of some Spanish Moss Extract I made.  

Yttrium and its Effects on Plants

Rare earth elements (also commonly called REEs) have been shown to be beneficial to plant growth (Uptake and Effects of Six Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Selected Native and Crop Species Growing in Contaminated Soils. David Carpenter, et al. June 2015), (Rare earth elements activate endocytosis in plant cells. Lihong Wang et al. Aug 2014). Over the last few decades over 100 crops of varying species have been tested with rare earth elements. In almost every case rare earth's enhanced crop yields between 5% and 15% (Physiological and biochemical effects of rare earth elements on plants and their agricultural significance: A review. Hu ZY, Richter H, Sparovek G, Schnug E. J Plant Nutr. 2004;27(1):183–220).

Studies have concluded that rare earth elements applied in small dosages deliver the best effects. However large dosages are harmful to plants (Redling K. 2006). Horseradish growth seems especially stimulated when between 30µM and 35 µM LaCl3 (lanthanum, commonly found with yttrium) has been administered (Earth elements in agriculture with emphasis on animal husbandry. Dr. W. A. Rambeck et al. 2006). The study found that the administration of lanthanum enhanced the horseradish's rate of photosynthesis, chlorophyll levels, peroxidase activity and overall yield (Rare earth elements activate endocytosis in plant cells. Plant Biology. (Lihong Wang et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Sep 2; 111(35): 12936–12941. 2014 Aug 11. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413376111 PMCID: PMC4156694).

What is Endocytosis?
Endocytosis is a type of transport activity where cells transport molecules (including proteins) into the cells.

Yttrium Increases Chlorophyll Content

Research studies confirm that rare earth elements increase chlorophyll levels in leaves and enhance the growth of plants. Ginkgo biloba, which is a powerful radiation treatment herb (the only trees left
standing after the Hiroshima nuclear bombings were Ginkgo trees), when treated with 100 mg/L of rare earth elements enhanced their leaf yields by 11.64%. However higher concentrations (400 mg/L)
decreased leaf yield by 19.3% (Effects of rare earth elements on some leaf inclusion and leaf yield in seedlings of Ginkgo biloba Y.F. Xie, Q. Li, H.J. Shen, W.J. Yao, X.J. Li, Y. J. Nanjing Forest
Univ, 24 (2000), pp. 71-74), (Effects of rare earth elements on growth and metabolism of medicinal plants. Chunhong Zhang et al. Feb 2013)

Strontium stimulates chlorophyll  levels in Spanish Moss

A study found that when strontium was administered to Spanish Moss in small doses, chlorophyll levels increased (Bioindicating potential of strontium contamination with Spanish moss Tillandsia usneoides. Zheng G. Feb 2016). This is a rather interesting observation because like lead, strontium has a tendency to gather in the human bones (The uptake and turnover of 90Sr in the human skeleton. Papworth DG and Vennart J. Sept 1984) and Strontium enhances bone strength in chickens (Effects of strontium on bone strength, density, volume, and microarchitecture in laying hens. Shahnazari M et al. Nov 2006).

Rare earth elements added to growing G. lucidum enhanced their fruiting bodies as well as showed enhanced crude fiber, crude protein, ash, and a lower contents of crude fat. Remarkable effects took place when the
administration of rare earth's was between 100μg/g and 150 μg/g. Also increases of polysaccharides were noted. The greatest change was observed in the ash levels. Rare earth elements also enhanced amino
acid levels in the plant tissues and changed its proportions of various amino acids (Studying effect of rare earth elements on medicinal Ganoderma lucidum quality. J.T. Zhang et al. (1995), pp. 531-532). Speaking from personal experience, my anti-aging
research has found that specific foods with high ash levels exhibit remarkable anti-aging properties. Other observations treating G. lucidum with rare earth elements showed that the levels of Zn, Fe and Mg increased and that copper levels decreased, suggesting that rare earth elements stimulate the plants increased consumption of copper (Studying effect of rare earth elements on medicinal Ganoderma lucidum quality)

Conclusions of Rare Earth's Effects on Plants
Rare earth's positively affect total biomass accumulation, seed germination, growth of roots, production of secondary metabolite and the absorption of minerals and metals when administered
at low concentrations and exhibit negative effects at high concentrations.

Rare Earth's act as a Metal Chelator

One of the more interesting effects observed in rare earth elements is their ability to chelate / absorb harmful minerals. This may be an especially unique solution in plants that tend to accumulate heavy metals, especially in regions where mining of harmful metals is taking place (Earth elements in agriculture with emphasis on animal husbandry. Dr. W. A. Rambeck. 2006). This is rather an interesting observation because Carnosine, one of the most powerful anti-aging substances is also a metal chelator (On the Anticataractogenic Effects of L-Carnosine: Is It Best Described as an Antioxidant, Metal-Chelating Agent or Glycation Inhibitor? Hamdy Abdelkader et al. Oct 2016).

Further Reading
The use of chelating agents in the separation of the rare earth elements by ion-exchange methods. E. J. Wheelwright Iowa State College.

Soybeans Absorb Rare Earth Elements

Soybean plants appear to absorb up to 60 fold more lanthanum than usual, gathering the lanthanum its roots. This enhanced absorption can cause a decrease in the essential nutrients Calcium, Phospherous, Nitrogen and Manganese. Also research showed that levels of copper and iron decreased, suggesting that rare earth's cause a plant to utlize more iron and copper than usual. The study also found that low concentrations of lanthanum stimulate photosynthesis and enhance chlorophyll levels (Bioaccumulation and effects of lanthanum on growth and mitotic index in soybean plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2015 Dec;122:136-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.020. Epub 2015 Jul 29. de Oliveira C et al). This may mean growing soybeans with regular plants in regions where heavy metals accumulate may help the growth of regular plants as the soybeans can soak up heavy metals (Earth elements in agriculture with emphasis on animal husbandry. Dr. W. A. Rambeck. 2006).

Yttrium and its Effects on Lifespan

So the next question is, does Yttrium extend lifespan? It just so happens that research conducted on mice found that Yttrium extended their lifespan up to 3 times (Schroeder HA, Mitchener M. Scandium, chromium, gallium, yttrium, rhodium, palladium, indium in mice: effects on growth and life span. J Nutr 1971; 101: 1431–1438). (View Abstract). The only side effect was a malignant tumor that was non-life-threatening. This was due to the fact that the mice were injected with Yttrium.

Yttrium (Z=39) is used clinically for cancer treatment as the radionuclide known as 90Y. It has a very short half-life of just 2.7 days. In Cancer treatments, Yttrium is delivered to the body's cells via a strongly chelated complex (Yttrium-90 (90Y) in the principal radionuclide therapies: an efficacy correlation between peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, radioimmunotherapy and transarterial radioembolization therapy. Ten years of experience (1999-2009). Goffredo V et al. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2011 Dec; 80(3):393-410). 

 Yttrium Extends Lifespan in a Southwest Florida resident

A person by the name of Mr. Cap Monroe who lived in Southwest Florida to 135 years of age, stated that the reason he lived so long, was due to the fact that he drank a special tea he made from Spanish Moss (Tillandsia Unsteadies) (Heal Yourself: The 7 Steps To Innate Healing. By Stephen Stokes).

Yttrium microspheres have also been used successfully in the treatment of Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) a common cause of worldwide mortality (Transarterial Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Joseph Ralph Kallini et al. April 2016).

A scientific study found that when mice were pretreated with yttrium chloride 30 days before their lungs were inflamed that the yttrium chloride caused an increase in manganese-superoxide dismutase, which caused powerful protection against lung induced damage. (Effects of intratracheal pretreatment with yttrium chloride (YCl3) on inflammatory responses of the rat lung following intratracheal instillation of YCl3Author links open overlay panel. Koichi Marubashia, et al. September 1998). 

Yttrium and Ormus

When Ormus was first discovered and first came to public attention, many people, myself included thought it was a potent anti-aging substance. However over the last few years I have watched consumers of Ormus drop dead like flies, some from natural old age and others from certain maladies. Speaking from personal experience of taking Ormus, I have found that the main anti-aging use of Ormus is in its ability to enhance the bioavailability / absorption of nutrients from anti-aging supplements and herbs into the body. This is why I take it with carnosine or other life extending substance as I show in the below video.

Because Ormus is high in the element Indium, what happens when you combine Indium with Yttrium? You get a
substance known as YInMn Blue. This is a pigment (made of tiny particles) made up of the compound Yttrium, Indium, and Manganese. It happened to be discovered by accident in 2009 in the materials science lab of Oregon State University's Chemistry Department. It is non toxic. It is interesting to note that the substance 'brilliant blue', used in blue m&m's enhances optic nerve regeneration when administered to mice (Brilliant blue G treatment facilitates regeneration after optic nerve injury in the adult rat. Ridderström M, Ohlsson M. Dec 2014).

Most dyes & pigments consist of a very fine thin light powder allowing a deep penetration into canvas or paper and also having the ability to cover a very wide surface area with only a small amount used. Lampblack is one such example and is used extensively in artwork. These properties are very similar to nano spheres / nano particles.

Some foods that contain Yttrium include Cabbages (Observation of yttrium oxide nanoparticles in cabbage (Brassica oleracea) through dual energy K-edge subtraction imaging. Yunyun Chen, et al. March 2016). Also the same study found that titanium dioxide nanoparticles improved the photosynthesis in tomato leaves when under mild heat stress. There are also reports that aluminum reduces yttrium update and bioavailability. 

From my research on the ARV device, I had found that Yttrium plays a key role in the success and operation of the device. Yttrium is a beta emitter (as is Tritium), meaning it emits mild background radioactivity and is related to the helium element. We also use Tritium in our ARV device, as Tritium, like Yttrium emits beta rays. The beta rays seem to enhance / amplify the hydrocarbon effect possibly due to an enhanced absorption type effect. You can find Tritium Key Rings that glow in the dark for about 10 years online.  I go into much more detail about the ARV device in my book Secret Gems Foods & Essential Oils for Intuition & Associative Remote Viewing. Now most people freak out that foods / herbs that are radioactive are bad. This is a false concept, a banana or salt substitute is much more radioactive then a handful of Spanish Moss. So there may exist forms of radiation that are beneficial for the body. Chemotherapy being an extreme example.

Research by Dr. Richard Olree of Minerals For The Genetic Code found that after careful analysisof the genetic termination code of the human genome, that yttrium would always fall within the top 10 (out of a total of 64 minerals) in terms of need. His research also discovered that yttrium is a key factor to maintain the life of probiotics as it appears to head straight for and gather in the lower intestine where it assists intestinal micro-flora in the breakdown of proteins which in turn enhances bioavailability of the nutrients into the body (much like nanospheres) (In the Beginning Was the Gene. Tracking Down the Roles of Trace Nutrients. October 2005 • Vol. 35, No. 10, Acres U.S.A. Interview with Dr. Richard Olree). Yttrium has also been shown in other studies to be found in intestinal tissues (Rate of passage of calcium-45 and yttrium-91 along the intestine, and calcium absorption in the laying fowl. Hurwitz S and Bar A. July 1966).

So if there are nutrients in the air floating around us all the time, and that these nutrients are more concentrated during Spring, would it be possible for expert meditators to be able to "harvest" these nutrients and sustain life from them? This may be much like the alchemists would harvest the dew from the grass and utilize this dew to make the Philosopher's Stone at the start of spring.

It just so happens there is the story of the man Prahlad Jani in India, who has been reputed to not have eaten for decades. I have written an entire article on Mr. Prahlad Jani (Why Food is Not Necessary to Support Life. Scott Rauvers. www.ez3dbiz.com). In the book Autobiography of a Yogi, written by the highly respected Yoji Paramahansa Yogananda, he mentions a women he met who "lived on the air".  While he was with her for a period of time, he observed her to never have ate food (The Woman Yogi Who Never Eats. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A YOGI, BY Paramahansa Yogananda. CHAPTER 46).

This could be where the science of breatharianism comes from. Breatharianisms are people who live on nothing but air. Although some novices have tried this and have almost died, it may be due to the fact that they did not begin in the season of Spring and were not properly trained in the art of breatharianism which caused them to 'starve'. Further research is needed to see if dew contains enough nutrients that one can learn to live off of. 

From my last 10 years of practicing the Emerald Tablets exercise, which is an Ancient Egyptian form of Qi Gong, I have discovered that the "rejuvenation" energies contain a yearly seasonal peak which occurs during the month of Spring followed by the season of early fall. This could be due to the fact that the exercise uses ancient Egyptian internal alchemy techniques. Because more dew is in the air during the morning hours of spring, as this air is breathed in, the nutrients are inhaled via the lungs then transformed within the body via internal alchemy resulting in rejuveniviity or revitalization of the human body.

Summary

Because Spanish Moss can live off of nutrients in the air, this may eventually validate the claims that breatharianism is a very real art. 

What is the connection between Spanish Moss and Mung Beans?

Spanish Moss lowers diabetes (Identification of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) as a hypoglycemic principle of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides). Witherup KM et al. Aug 1995)

Mung Beans contains vitexin and also dramatically lowers the negative effects experienced during diabetes (Anti-diabetic Activities of Vitexin and Isovitexin from Mungbean Soup). Pennsylvania State University, USA. Sudathip Sae-tan.

Another plant that does not require any watering (it obtains its nutrients from tree branches) and grows above ground is mistletoe. Mistletoe (Phoradendron spp) happens to contain vitexin and isovitexin ( Vitexin and Isovitexin in Aqueous Extract of Ficus deltoidea var. kunstleri And var. trengganuensis Article (PDF Available)· June 2013. Afnani Alwi et al). Mistletoe has been found to be a powerful breast cancer fighter (Preisfeld A: Influence of aqueous mistletoe preparations on humoral immune parameters with emphasis on the cytotoxicity of human complement in breast cancer patients. Forsch Komplementarmed 4 (4): 224-8, 1997), (Heiny BM, Albrecht V, Beuth J: Correlation of immune cell activities and beta-endorphin release in breast carcinoma patients treated with galactose-specific lectin standardized mistletoe extract. Anticancer Res 18 (1B): 583-6, 1998 Jan-Feb).  It is also interesting to note that women with breast cancer show low levels of manganese (The association between deficient manganese levels and breast cancer: a meta-analysis Fei Shen et al. March 2015).

Further Reading
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Cancer Prevention. Delira Robbins and Yunfeng Zhao. April 2014.

Mistletoe is also commonly used to treat leukemia (Molecular mechanisms of mistletoe plant extract-induced apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in vivo and in vitro. Seifert G1, Jesse P, Laengler A, Reindl T, Lüth M, Lobitz S, Henze G, Prokop A, Lode HN.

Mistletoe Fig (Ficus deltoidea) has been found to contain isovitexin and vitexin (Correlation between enzymes inhibitory effects and antioxidant activities of standardized fractions of methanolic extract obtained from Ficus deltoidea leaves. Elham Farsi et al. December 2011).

A recent study found that Mistletoe Fig leaf extract mitigated postmenopausal osteoarthritic joint destruction in a study on mice. It did so by inhibiting cartilage degradation enzymes and inflammation at the dose equivalent to about 60mg/kg for humans. The study concluded that the compounds responsible were vitexin and isovitexin (Mistletoe fig (Ficus deltoidea Jack) leaf extract prevented postmenopausal osteoarthritis by attenuating inflammation and cartilage degradation in rat model. Che Ahmad Tantowi NA et al. Sept 2017).

Summary / Conclusions

One common trait among powerful anti-aging substances is the ability for the substance to dramatically heal / treat / lower diabetes.

The rare element Yttrium has been confirmed to extend lifespan in plants.

The rare element Yttrium has been confirmed to extend lifespan in mice.

The rare element Yttrium has been confirmed to extend lifespan in 1 human that we know of. While it can take decades, if not hundreds of years to confirm if Yttrium extends lifespan in humans, the overall evidence points to the fact that it may indeed do so.

I highly suspect that the reason Mr. Li Ching-Yuen lived to over 200 years of age, may be due to the fact that the soil / region he lived in contained abundant levels of rare earth elements. These rare earth elements may have in fact been taken up by the Goji Berry. The literature states that Mr. Li Ching-Yuen ate a lot of Goji Berries.  And Goji Berries happen to be one of the foods highest in Vitamin A.  Until I can visit Mr. Li Ching-Yuen's hometown and obtain some soil samples and confirm this, it is just a theory for now. Also....

The effects of yttrium enhance stomach micro-flora which speeds up the breakdown of proteins, especially the proteins found in probiotics such as yogurt and nuts.

Plant proteins such as those found in mung brans and tofu cause a very low burden of digestive energy on the digestive system, freeing up valuable enzymes which than strengthen the body's immune system. 

Making extracts from foods high in Vitexin enhances the absorption of the Vitexin into the body, thus unlocking the lifespan extending properties. 

Further Reading
Yttrium oxide nanoparticles prevent photoreceptor death in a light-damage model of retinal degeneration. Rajendra N. Mitra et al. July 2014

The SIRT1 and Fasting

I covered earlier in this article a study where pre-treatment with garlic stimulated the SIRT1 gene (Protective Effect of Garlic on Cellular Senescence in UVB-Exposed HaCaT Human Keratinocytes. Hye Kyung Kim. Aug 2016) and high sulfur foods such as garlic and onion grow well when fed molybdenum (RESPONSES OF GARLIC TO ZINC, COPPER, BORON AND MOLYBDENUM APPLICATION IN GREY TERRACE SOIL OF AMNURA SOIL SERIES .M. N. YOUSUF et al. March 2016). (The sulfoxidation process requires molybdenum and vitamin B6).

Another method that stimulates SIRT1 is a simple 48 hour fast (The impact of a 48-h fast on SIRT1 and GCN5 in human skeletal muscle. Edgett BA et al. Sept 2016). Fasting puts a healthy strain on the body's cells causing them to create anti-oxidant defenses. This is much like the powerful anti-aging substance astaxanthin, which is put under mild stress just before it is harvested, which greatly enhances its antioxidant level (Astaxanthin improves cognitive deficits from oxidative stress, nitric oxide synthase and inflammation through upregulation of PI3K/Akt in diabetes rat. Lianbao Xu et al. June 2015).

SIRT1 is a major longevity gene (Sirt1 extends life span and delays aging in mice through the regulation of Nk2 homeobox 1 in the DMH and LH Akiko Satoh et al. Sept 2013). Fasting and caloric restriction have similar qualities (Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. Mattson MP1, Wan R. March 2005).

Nicotinamide and the SIRT1 Gene
Besides fasting, the substance Nicotinamide has been shown to stimulate the SIRT1 gene (Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1 in vitro, but can be a stimulator in cells. Hwang ES, Song SB. Sept 2017). Although no research studies have been conducted to date, fasting while taking nicotinamide riboside (available under the trade name Niagen) may enhance in synergy, thus causing an enhanced SIRT1 gene response.

Further Reading -
Nicotinamide extends replicative lifespan of human cells. Hyun Tae Kang et al. 25 August 2006. DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00234. Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, Jeonnongdong 90, Seoul, Korea 130–743. Tel.: 82-2-2210-2608; fax: 82-2-2210-2888. e-mail: eshwang@uos.ac.kr).

Preliminary research has shown that if a person does an intermittent fast (24 to 48 hours) and that if they take vitamin C or Vitamin E during their fast that the beneficial 'starving' effect or enhancement of their cell's antioxidant defense mechanisms is eliminated. This is because the body's cells are blocked from producing the anti-oxidant defenses necessary for anti-aging and healing.

View Article Summary

The study also found that the volunteer's cells made more copies of a gene called SIRT3, which is a gene that helps prevent damage caused by free radicals (Practicality of Intermittent Fasting in Humans and its Effect on Oxidative Stress and Genes Related to Aging and Metabolism. Wegman Martin P et al. Dec 2014).

It may be that after fasting, taking Vixten or mung bean extract would be beneficial because molybdenum in mung beans is a high MOE substance allowing for a strong "rebound" recovery effect. It may also synergize with Vitamin E and C, although further research is necessary to validate this.

The Formula of St. Germain

This is an extract invented by the alchemist named St. Germaine who is said to have lived hundreds of years. I outline how to make the formula in detail in my book The Official Guidebook of How to Make Tinctures and Alchemy Spagyric Formulas. The formula includes the spice Star anise which contains vitexin (Chemistry of Spices. V. A. Parthasarathy, Bhageerathy Chempakam, T. John Zachariah). As we showed earlier where Yttrium heads straight for the intestine where it improves the assimilation of nutrients, anise happens to be of the top spices for intestinal health (A mixture of chamomile and star anise has anti-motility and antidiarrheal activities in mice. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. Volume 24, Issue 4, July–August 2014, Pages 419-424. Alfonso Díaz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.016).

The St. Germain formula also includes senna which also benefits the intestine (Chronic constipation: Current treatment options. Louis Wing Cheong Liu. Oct 2011) and the spice fennel which also benefits the intestine (Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology. Shamkant B. Badgujar et al. Aug 2014). It is interesting to note that sweet fennel essential oil is used in our ARV technology because it rotates polarized light to the right (dextrogyre). Polarized light has been used in DNA research to seperate various stages / layers of DNA (A polarized view on DNA under tension. Joost van Mameren et al. The Journal of Chemical Physics > Volume 148, Issue 12. 10.1063/1.5004019. December 2017. The Journal of Chemical Physics 148, 123306 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5004019). Perhaps DNA is acting like an antenna ressonating with microspheres. 

Final Closing Summary

Mung Beans possess an above average protein content. This type of protein is plant protein based. Protein is a powerful muscle and nerve regenerator, one of the main building blocks of anti-aging. Tofu also contains plant protein (soy protein). Because the protein found in meats is much harder for the stomach to digest, compared to plant based proteins, it may be that due to the reduced digestive burden on the stomach from consuming plant based proteins, it allows the body to make more / increased anti-aging substances / enzymes which in turn enhance the body's immune system. It is a fact that lactobillus found in yogurt also enhances the body’s absorption of protein and that yogurt has been proven to extend lifespan.

Yttrium heads straight to and gathers in the intestine, enhancing / strengthening the ability of microflora, especially when probiotic foods are eaten. This in turn increases the bioavailability of proteins via the ability of the intestine's microflora to break down the proteins. It is a fact that yogurt is a rich source of protein. Another interesting fact is Manganese tends to gather in the bones of the body, much like calcium. Mung beans contain above average levels of Manganese. It may be that the manganese enhances the body’s ability to retain calcium. Research studies already show that manganese in fish is much better absorbed, compared to manganese in meats (The effect of dietary protein source on manganese bioavailability to the rat. Johnson PE and Korynta ED. Nov 1990). Studies have found that Yttrium assists in the healing of bone fractures. (Healing Bone Fractures and Simultaneous Administration of Radioisotopes of Sulfur, Calcium and Yttrium. N. S. MacDonald,P. C. Lorick, andL. I. Petriello. September 1957).

Plant Protein and Lifespan, Anti-Aging, Longevity

Longevity and health span studies constantly show that a reduced protein and amino acid intake extends lifespan. Studies on animals show the animals who consumed plant-based sources of proteins had lower risk for aging-related disease, which in turn resulted in decreased mortality (Protein and Amino Acid Restriction, Aging and Disease: from yeast to humans. Hamed Mirzaei, Jorge A. Suarez, and Valter D. Longo. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov; 25(11): 558–566. Published online 2014 Aug 19. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.07.002. PMCID: PMC4254277. NIHMSID: NIHMS624380).

Further Reading
Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population. Levine ME et al. Cell Metab. 2014 Mar 4; 19(3):407-17.

Low-carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: two cohort studies. Fung TT et al.

The Japanese Okinawans and Plant Proteins
Longevity studies conducted on the Okinawans in Japan, one of the longest lived cultures on earth found a diet rich in grains and soy products. Only 9% of calories came from proteins which were mostly plant-based (Caloric restriction, the traditional Okinawan diet, and healthy aging: the diet of the world's longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span. Willcox BJ et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 Oct; 1114():434-55).

To date, similar research studies have confirmed that diets of the longest lived populations in the world consist mostly of plant based low protein diets (Caloric restriction, caloric restriction mimetics, and healthy aging in Okinawa: controversies and clinical implications. Willcox BJ, Willcox DC. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Jan; 17(1):51-8), (Dietary patterns and longevity: expanding the blue zones.Appel LJ. Circulation. 2008 Jul 15; 118(3):214-5).

As an added note, I have stressed in many of my anti-aging books over the years that foods that have the least impact on digestion usually show a very good record of enhancing lifespan. The key is the type of protein and how easily the stomach can digest it. Without protein, energy levels in the body drop dramatically. 

Closing Summary

Yttrium enhances oxidative stress protection when delivered via nano-spheres  (Protective effects of cerium oxide and yttrium oxide nanoparticles on reduction of oxidative stress induced by sub-acute exposure to diazinon in the rat pancreas. Khaksar MR et al. May 2017). Mung beans are high in manganese. Manganese also is used in oxidatve stress experiments (Comparison of manganese oxide nanoparticles and manganese sulfate with regard to oxidative stress, uptake and apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells. RamonFrick et al. Aug 2011). It just so happens that the yttrium administered to cancer patients is done so using nano-spheres (Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 microspheres for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Munveer Singh Bhangoo, et al. Oct 2015). The purpose of digestion is to break down food, make it smaller, especially that of proteins. Digestion's purpose is to make the proteins small enough for bioavailability into the body. Hence, the nutrients / elements that exist in dew / air are small enough to be captured by certain plants such as Spanish Moss.

Because Spanish Moss contains Yttrium,, which helps the digestion of proteins, this may be the reason for its life extention features.

This process may also be reversed. At specific temperatures or excess water moisture, the yttrium and other rare earth elements in the Spanish Moss may be released into the surrounding soil, fertilizing / providing nutrients to surrounding vegetation. Hence studies on the health and lifespan of surrounding plants / vegetation where Spanish Moss grows may show these plants have longer than average lifespans due to increased yttrium levels and because rare earth elements have been shown to be beneficial to plant growth and yield, hanging Spanish Moss in the surrounding vicinity where plants grow may lead to healthier plants and increased crop yields. Speaking from personal experience, I have Spanish Moss hanging on some of the trees in my yard.  During extreme rain and thunderstorms, the Spanish Moss has stood is ground and has not even dropped to the ground. This includes even small hand-sized pieces of Spanish Moss that withstood extremely heavy periods of rain. This proves that the rare earth elements and their nano-sphere effect allow the water to "roll off" it, reducing the chance of the rain grabbing it and pulling it to the ground. This effect is similar to the Lotus Plant, whose seeds still sprout after 500 years after exposed to the outdoors (Thermal-stable proteins of fruit of long-living Sacred Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn var. China Antique. Shen-Miller J et al. Sept 2013). The Lotus Plant takes advantage of the hydrophobic effect, allowing water to "roll off" it. (Biometamaterials: Black Ultrathin Gold Film Fabricated on Lotus Leaf Yuusuke Ebihara et al. Nov 2015).Pure 99% yttrium is available on eBay and other online resources, or it can be extracted from Spanish Moss by creating an extract, which I outline in great detail in my book The Official Guidebook of How to Make Tinctures and Alchemy Spagyric Formulas.

Further Reading

Biochemistry of Scandium and Yttrium, Biochemistry and Applications. By Chaim T. Horovitz

Article compiled by Mr. Scott Rauvers. Founder of ez3dbiz.com and author of more than 2,000 pages on anti-aging.